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\u6587 \/ \u66fe\u5c11\u5343<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u73fe\u4ee3\u5beb\u5be6\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b\u6703\u520a\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u8a55\u8ad6\u5bb6\u91d1\u4e38\u91cd\u5dba\uff081900-1977\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u65b0\u8208\u651d\u5f71\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u8457\u540d\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u548c\u5927\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u5b78\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u66fe\u53d7\u9080\u4f86\u53f0\u8a2a\u554f\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u91d1\u4e38\u91cd\u5dba\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f9e\u6728\u6751\u4f0a\u5175\u885b\uff081901-1974\uff09\u3001\u571f\u9580\u62f3\uff081909-1990\uff09\u7684\u5beb\u5be6\u89c0\u9ede\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5021\u5c0e\u73fe\u4ee3\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u53f0\u5317\u6f14\u8b1b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u63a8\u8209\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u611b\u6234\u7684\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u70ba\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff0c\u62cd\u651d\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u767e\u614b\u548c\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u8208\u5473\u300d\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4f5c\u6cd5\u548c\u6728\u6751\u4f0a\u5175\u885b\u7684\u5beb\u5be6\u8def\u5f91\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f4d\u3002[6]<\/a>\u65e5\u672c\u6230\u5f8c\u66fe\u98a8\u884c\u904e\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u4e5e\u4e10\u651d\u5f71\u300d\uff0c\u5c07\u56f0\u82e6\u7684\u7aae\u4eba\u548c\u8001\u8005\u7576\u4f5c\u62cd\u651d\u4e3b\u984c\uff1b\u800c\u540c\u6642\u5f9e\u6b50\u6d32\u50b3\u5165\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u53f2\u8b5a\u7d0d\uff08Otto Steiner\uff09\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u300c\u4e3b\u89c0\u651d\u5f71\u300d\uff0c\u53c8\u6d41\u65bc\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u6c99\u9f8d\u98a8\u683c\u3002\u91d1\u4e38\u91cd\u5dba\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u62cd\u51fa\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u8208\u5473\u300d\u7b87\u4e2d\u7121\u7aae\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u503c\u5f97\u5b78\u7fd2\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u3002[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u53f0\u7063\u73fe\u4ee3\u5beb\u5be6\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u5f62\u6210\u5beb\u5be6\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u990a\u5206\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u5f9e\u9127\u5357\u5149\u3001\u9ec3\u4f2f\u9a65\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u548c\u8a55\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u63a8\u8209\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u70ba\u53d6\u6750\u548c\u98a8\u683c\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u540d\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7375\u53d6\u919c\u602a\u6697\u9ed1\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u805a\u7126\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\uff0c\u5728\u524e\u90a3\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5bd3\u610f\u6df1\u9577\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5883\u6cc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53cd\u601d\u897f\u5316\u7684\u554f\u984c<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u651d\u5f71\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4ecd\u53ef\u898b\u5230\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u8a55\u8ad6\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u8f031960\u5e74\u4ee3\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9ec3\u5247\u4fee\u5728\u300a\u5317\u651d\u6708\u520a\u300b\u548c\u838a\u9748\u5728\u300a\u96c4\u7345\u7f8e\u8853\u300b\u520a\u8f09\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u5c08\u6587\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u7684\u5beb\u5be6\u651d\u5f71\u95dc\u5207\u793e\u6703\u771f\u76f8\u4e14\u5145\u6eff\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u800c\u56e0\u5916\u4ea4\u5c40\u52e2\u8b8a\u5316\u548c\u9109\u571f\u6587\u5b78\u904b\u52d5\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u53cd\u5e1d\u53cd\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u610f\u8b58\u89ba\u9192\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u651d\u5f71\u754c\u53cd\u7701\u300c\u897f\u5316\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e1971\u5e74\u4fdd\u885b\u91e3\u9b5a\u53f0\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u9000\u51fa\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5e2d\u6b21\uff0c\u52301979\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u7d42\u6b62\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u52d5\u76ea\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u61f7\u62b1\u6dd1\u4e16\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u53cd\u7701\u6230\u5f8c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u6279\u8a55\u4e4b\u524d\u8208\u76db\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6587\u5b78\u548c\u85dd\u8853\u3002[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u57162 \u300aECHO\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u651d\u5f71\u5c08\u96c6\u300d\u5c01\u9762\uff0c\u7b2c\u516d\u53778\u671f\uff0c1976\u5e749\u6708\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1971\u5e74\u5275\u520a\u7684\u300aECHO\u300b\u82f1\u6587\u96dc\u8a8c\u70ba\u91cd\u65b0\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e2d\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6c11\u9593\u5de5\u85dd\u7684\u986f\u8457\u4f8b\u8b49\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u8457\u91cd\u6c11\u4fd7\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u6c11\u9593\u85dd\u8853\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u5f9e\u5edf\u5b87\u3001\u98f2\u98df\u5230\u98a8\u6c34\u3001\u7b97\u547d\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u7528\u651d\u5f71\u8a18\u9304\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\uff0c\u4ee5\u6df1\u5316\u570b\u65cf\u5f62\u8c61\u548c\u9676\u51b6\u6b77\u53f2\u7d20\u990a\u3002\u5728\u651d\u5f71\u5c08\u984c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u300aECHO\u300b\u7b2c\u516d\u53778\u671f\u88fd\u4f5c\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u651d\u5f71\u5c08\u96c6\u300d\uff0c\u56de\u6eaf\u651d\u5f71\u8853\u57281849\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u958b\u7aef\uff0c\u8a2a\u554f\u96c6\u9326\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u90ce\u975c\u5c71\uff081892-1995\uff09\u3001\u6c11\u521d\u651d\u5f71\u5718\u9ad4\u5149\u793e\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u9ec3\u5805\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u67ef\u9054\u516c\u53f8\u696d\u52d9\u4ee3\u8868\u738b\u6587\u6d69\u3001\u4e2d\u65e5\u6230\u722d\u651d\u5f71\u8a18\u8005\u90ed\u7434\u822b\uff0c\u4e26\u532f\u96c6\u6b66\u660c\u8d77\u7fa9\u3001\u570b\u5171\u5167\u6230\u3001\u4e2d\u65e5\u6230\u722d\u7b49\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ecb\u7d39\u6148\u79a7\u592a\u540e\u3001\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u3001\u8523\u4ecb\u77f3\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8096\u50cf\u7167\u3002\u300aECHO\u300b\u529b\u5716\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u5831\u5c0e\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u8b5c\u7cfb\uff0c\u50b3\u627f\u6e05\u672b\u3001\u6c11\u521d\u3001\u6297\u6230\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u651d\u5f71\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u8a18\u9304\u7dbf\u5ef6\u4e0d\u7d55\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300aECHO\u300b\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u6f22\u8072\u300b\u7684\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u6881\u6b63\u5c45\uff081945-\uff09\u548c\u59da\u5b5f\u5609\uff081946-1996\uff09\uff0c\u79c9\u6301\u8457\u50b3\u627f\u4e2d\u570b\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u7121\u6839\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6a21\u4eff\u5916\u570b\u651d\u5f71\u30021978\u5e74\u300a\u9577\u6a4b\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u66fe\u4f01\u5283\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u770b\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u5c08\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6881\u6b63\u5c45\u5beb\u4e00\u7bc7\u77ed\u6587\u3008\u81ea\u8aaa\u81ea\u8a71\u3009\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u95b1\u89bd\u4e16\u754c\u651d\u5f71\u96c6\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u6c11\u9593\u8857\u574a\u548c\u8fb2\u6751\u666f\u8272\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u651d\u5f71\u93e1\u982d\u8868\u73fe\u5eb6\u6c11\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6700\u4ee4\u4ed6\u611f\u52d5\u3002\u6881\u6b63\u5c45\u6392\u65a5\u76f2\u5f9e\u5916\u570b\u8457\u540d\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u53cd\u5c0d\u651d\u5f71\u8ffd\u96a8\u300c\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\u793e\u6703\u300d\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8a69\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u756b\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u300a\u6f22\u8072\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u651d\u5f71\u5065\u5c07\u59da\u5b5f\u5609\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u521d\u651d\u5f71\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u5289\u534a\u8fb2\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u61c9\u8a18\u9304\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6c23\u606f\u548c\u97f6\u97fb\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7d93\u9a57\u3002[10]<\/a>\u300a\u6f22\u8072\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u5730\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6c11\u9593\u5de5\u85dd\u548c\u5eb6\u6c11\u98a8\u4fd7\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u651d\u5f71\u8996\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5c55\u73fe\uff0c\u660e\u8a00\u6392\u62d2\u8ffd\u96a8\u897f\u65b9\u651d\u5f71\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u904e\u65bc\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6df1\u5316\u9023\u7d50<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u754c\u900f\u904e\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u8a8d\u8b58\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u57281989\u5e7410\u6708\u624d\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u65bc\u7701\u7acb\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u7684\u7279\u5c55\u300c\u651d\u5f71\u4e4b\u7236\u2014\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u51f1\u72c4\u2014\u5e03\u5217\u68ee\u300d\uff0c\u89aa\u773c\u770b\u5230\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u651d\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\u6a23\u8c8c\u3002\u8a72\u5c55\u89bd\u900f\u904e\u694a\u5b5f\u54f2\u727d\u7dda\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4ed6\u5728\u5927\u962a\u85dd\u8853\u5927\u5b78\u5c31\u8b80\u651d\u5f71\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c45\u4e2d\u4fc3\u6210\u5927\u962a\u85dd\u8853\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u501f\u5178\u85cf\u7684\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u651d\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\u81f3\u53f0\u7063\u5c55\u51fa\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5c55\u89bd\u662f\u5728\u516d\u56db\u5929\u5b89\u9580\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f8c\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8f3f\u8ad6\u7279\u5225\u95dc\u5fc3\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u7cfb\u5217\u662f\u5426\u6703\u5b8c\u6574\u5c55\u51fa\u3002\u6b64\u5c55\u5171\u6709262\u5f35\u651d\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7cfb\u5217\u4f5421\u5f35\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81e8\u6642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u5f35\u672a\u5c55\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5e40\u7167\u7247\u651d\u65bc\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u300c\u8085\u6e05\u8523\u4ecb\u77f3\u300d\u5b57\u6a23\uff0c\u6182\u616e\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u654f\u611f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u554f\u984c\u3002[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u57163 \u300a\u651d\u5f71\u4e4b\u7236\u2014\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u51f1\u72c4\u2014\u5e03\u5217\u68ee\u300b\uff0c\u5c55\u89bd\u5716\u9304\u5c01\u9762\uff0c\u694a\u5b5f\u54f2\u4f01\u5283\u7de8\u8f2f\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u7701\u7acb\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\uff0c1989\u5e74\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u5c55\u89bd\u5728\u6587\u5316\u754c\u7684\u8ff4\u97ff\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u65bc\u5831\u7ae0\u96dc\u8a8c\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\u548c\u8a55\u8ad6\u3002\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u738b\u4fe1\uff081941-\uff09\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7acb\u65e9\u5831\u300b\u767c\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5979\u80af\u5b9a\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u5805\u5b9a\u7be4\u5be6\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u9053\u7cbe\u795e\u300d\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u5165\u6b7b\u5831\u5c0e\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u6574\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u738b\u4fe1\u8a8d\u70ba\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5831\u5c0e\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u6a19\u699c\u85dd\u8853\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u66f4\u6709\u85dd\u8853\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5979\u6279\u8a55\u6b64\u5c55\u89bd\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u7cfb\u5217\u6bd4\u4f8b\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u5979\u671f\u5f85\u672a\u4f86\u53f0\u7063\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u7686\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u80fd\u5c55\u51fa\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u5831\u5c0e\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7167\u7247\u5168\u8c8c\uff0c\u300c\u8b93\u6c11\u773e\u548c\u57f7\u653f\u8005\u770b\u770b\u5169\u9ee8\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u722d\u6b0a\uff0c\u53d7\u5bb3\u6700\u5927\u3001\u72a7\u7272\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u8ab0\uff1f\u300d[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81f3\u65bc\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\u6b77\u7a0b\u3001\u651d\u5f71\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3001\u65b0\u805e\u5831\u5c0e\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5728\u5f35\u7167\u5802\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3008\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u773c\u754c\u8207\u8996\u8c61\u3009\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u7576\u8a73\u5be6\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u3002\u9019\u7bc7\u520a\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u300b\u4eba\u9593\u526f\u520a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e00\u958b\u982d\u4fbf\u5411\u8b80\u8005\u63a8\u85a6\u7701\u7f8e\u9928\u7684\u5c55\u89bd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96e3\u5f97\u5c55\u793a\u651d\u5f71\u539f\u4f5c\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u300c\u95b1\u89bd\u9019\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u89d2\u843d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8b8a\u9077\u548c\u4eba\u9593\u51b7\u6696\u300d\u3002\u5f35\u7167\u5802\u8b9a\u8cde\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u300c\u76f4\u89ba\u800c\u8a69\u610f\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u773c\u300d\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u5230\u96a8\u98a8\u800c\u901d\u7684\u300c\u6642\u4ee3\u5bb9\u984f\u300d\u3002[13]<\/a>\u9019\u7bc7\u5c08\u6587\u517c\u8ad6\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u8d85\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u671f\u548c\u5831\u5c0e\u651d\u5f71\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u8ff0\u548c\u5404\u85dd\u8a55\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u634d\u885b\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u5728\u651d\u5f71\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u62c9\u8fd1\u53f0\u7063\u548c\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u5c55\u89bd\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f1991\u5e7410\u6708\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u7acb\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u8209\u884c\u300c\u4ea8\u5229\uff0e\u51f1\u72c4\uff0e\u5e03\u5217\u68ee\u8207\u746a\u6c40\uff0e\u6cd5\u862d\u6b4c\u806f\u5c55\u300d\u3002\u6b64\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u4e0d\u662f\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u651d\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u768490\u4ef6\u756b\u4f5c\u548c\u592b\u4eba\u746a\u6c40\uff0e\u6cd5\u862d\u6b4c\uff08Martine Franck\uff0c1938-2012\uff09\u7684130\u4ef6\u651d\u5f71\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5c55\u89bd\u518d\u6b21\u900f\u904e\u694a\u5b5f\u54f2\u548c\u53f8\u5f92\u7acb\u7684\u5354\u52a9\u5f97\u4ee5\u8209\u8fa6\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u50b3\u8aaa\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u592b\u59bb\u5c07\u4f86\u53f0\u51fa\u5e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u7d42\u56e0\u6545\u7121\u6cd5\u6210\u884c\u3002\u9019\u6b21\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u9078\u64c7\u5c55\u51fa\u7d20\u63cf\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3b\u984c\u6c92\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u672a\u5f15\u8d77\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5831\u5c0e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u5317\u7f8e\u9928\u5178\u85cf\u65b0\u589e\u4e8618\u4ef6\u6cd5\u862d\u6b4c\u7684\u7d00\u5be6\u548c\u8096\u50cf\u651d\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5169\u9805\u5c55\u89bd\uff0c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u962e\u7fa9\u5fe0\u4e0d\u50c5\u5beb\u4f5c\u4ecb\u7d39\u570b\u969b\u5353\u8d8a\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u548c\u65b0\u92b3\u5275\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u57281993\u5e74\u65bc\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u6703\u9762\u30021985\u5e742\u6708\u865f\u300a\u96c4\u7345\u7f8e\u8853\u300b\u4ed6\u767c\u8868\u3008\u7576\u4eca\u651d\u5f71\u6cf0\u6597\u6602\u5229\uff0e\u5361\u8482\u2014\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u5a13\u5a13\u9053\u4f86\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u300c\u7b49\u300d\u3001\u300c\u770b\u300d\u548c\u300c\u8010\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f69\u670d\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u96a8\u6642\u62c9\u6eff\u5f13\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u5168\u795e\u8cab\u6ce8\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u547c\u61c9\u79aa\u5b97\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u962e\u7fa9\u5fe0\u89e3\u91cb\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u77ac\u9593\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7559\u4f4f\u4e8b\u7269\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u524e\u90a3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u85c9\u7531\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u6700\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u672c\u6587\u6539\u5beb\u81ea\u66fe\u5c11\u5343\uff0c\u3008\u8b8a\u52d5\u4e2d\u7684\u651d\u5f71\u89c0\uff1a\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u3009\uff0c\u8521\u662d\u5100\u4e3b\u7de8\u3001\u90ed\u662d\u862d\u53ec\u96c6\uff0c\u300a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u53f2\uff1a\u85dd\u8853\u53f2\u7de8\u64b0\u6cd5\u5728\u81fa\u7063\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u4e2d\uff1a\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\uff0c2023\u5e74\uff0c\u9801386-419\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Heather Diack, Erina Duganne, Terri Weissman, \u201cIntroduction,\u201d Global Photography: A Critical History<\/em> (New York: Routledge, 2020), p. 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Cl\u00e9ment Ch\u00e9roux, \u201cA Bible for Photographers,\u201d Henri Cartier-Bresson: The Decisive Moment<\/em> (G\u00f6ttingen: Steidl, 2014), p. 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> \u9127\u5357\u5149\uff0c\u3008\u9996\u5c46\u6703\u54e1\u5f71\u5c55\u7e3d\u8a55\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b4\u671f\uff081964.07.20\uff09\uff0c\u98012\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> \u9127\u5357\u5149\uff0c\u3008\u5973\u50cf\u7684\u9b45\u529b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b7\u671f\uff081964.12.30\uff09\uff0c\u98014\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> \u9127\u5357\u5149\uff0c\u3008\u4f55\u6167\u5149\u500b\u5c55\u89c0\u5f8c\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b24\u671f\uff081966.10.25\uff09\uff0c\u98014\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> \u91d1\u4e38\u91cd\u5dba\uff0c\u3008\u73fe\u4ee3\u651d\u5f71\u7684\u8def\u5411\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b42\u671f\uff081968.04\uff09\uff0c\u98013-6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> \u91d1\u4e38\u91cd\u5dba\uff0c\u3008\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u77ac\u9593\u2014\u5e03\u5217\u5b8b\u4e4b\u610f\u898b\u3009\uff0c\u8a31\u5b89\u5b9a\u8b6f\u81ea\u300a\u671d\u65e5\u651d\u5f71\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u651d\u5f71\u300b80\u671f\uff081971.06\uff09\uff0c\u98017-9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> \u856d\u963f\u52e4\uff0c\u300a\u91cd\u69cb\u53f0\u7063\uff1a\u7576\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\uff0c2012\uff09\uff0c\u9801138-156\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> \u6881\u6b63\u5c45\uff0c\u3008\u81ea\u8aaa\u81ea\u8a71\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u9577\u6a4b\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b67\u671f\uff081978.10\uff09\uff0c\u980136-37\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> \u59da\u5b5f\u5609\uff0c\u300a\u9577\u6a4b\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b67\u671f\uff081978.10\uff09\uff0c\u980150-51\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> \u7d00\u6167\u73b2\uff0c\u3008\u65e5\u672c\u5178\u85cf\u54c1\u521d\u51fa\u501f\uff0c\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u651d\u5f71\u5c55\u767b\u53f0\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u751f\u5831\u300b\uff081989.10.10\uff09\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u65b0\u805e\uff0c\u724814\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> \u738b\u4fe1\uff0c\u3008\u4e5f\u8ac7\u5831\u5c0e\u651d\u5f71\u5bb6\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u7acb\u65e9\u5831\u300b\uff081989\uff09\uff0c\u5f15\u81ea\u96f7\u9038\u5a77\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u76ee\u7dda\uff1a\u738b\u4fe1\u651d\u5f71\u5c55\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u7acb\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\uff0c2016\uff09\uff0c\u9801451-452\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> \u5f35\u7167\u5802\uff0c\u3008\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u773c\u754c\u8207\u8996\u8c61\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u300b\u4eba\u9593\u526f\u520a\uff081989.10.15\uff09\uff0c\u724827\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> \u962e\u7fa9\u5fe0\uff0c\u3008\u7576\u4eca\u651d\u5f71\u6cf0\u6597\u6602\u5229\u00b7\u5361\u8482\u2014\u5e03\u5217\u677e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u96c4\u7345\u7f8e\u8853\u300b168\u671f\uff081985.02\uff09\uff0c\u9801144-161\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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