{"id":20491,"date":"2025-09-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arthistorystrolls.com\/?p=20491"},"modified":"2025-08-29T11:57:27","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T03:57:27","slug":"%e8%81%bd%e8%aa%aa%e6%9c%ab%e6%97%a5%e5%b0%b1%e5%9c%a8%e8%bd%89%e8%a7%92%e8%99%95%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%9d%9c%e5%8b%92%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8a%e5%9b%9b%e9%a8%8e%e5%a3%ab%e3%80%8b%e7%89%88%e7%95%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arthistorystrolls.com\/?p=20491","title":{"rendered":"\u807d\u8aaa\u672b\u65e5\u5c31\u5728\u8f49\u89d2\u8655\u2500\u2500\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u7248\u756b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6587\uff0f\u5289\u8afa\u6a3a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3010\u57161\u3011\u963f\u5e03\u96f7\u7279\uff0e\u675c\u52d2\uff08Albrecht D\u00fcrer\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\uff08The Four Horsemen, from “The Apocalypse”\uff09\uff0c1498\u5e74\uff0c\u6728\u523b\u7248\u756b\uff0c38.7 x 27.9\u516c\u5206\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u85cf\u3002\u5716\u7248\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u7269\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7d19\u5f35\uff09\u8981\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u675c\u52d2\uff08Albrecht D\u00fcrer, 1471\u20131528\uff09\u7684\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\uff08The Four Horsemen, 1498\uff09\u7248\u756b\u3010\u57161\u3011\u537b\u662f\u5404\u5927\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5c55\u54c1\uff0c\u8209\u51e1\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7d1a\u7684\u9928\u820d\u5982\u5927\u82f1\u535a\u7269\u9928\u3001\u7f85\u6d6e\u5bae\u7b49\uff08\u7d10\u7d04\u7684\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e09\u4ef6\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\uff01\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u4f0a\u5229\u8afe\u5927\u5b78\u9999\u6ab3\u5206\u6821\u7684\u65af\u6ce2\u6d1b\u514b\u7f8e\u8853\u9928<\/a>\u9019\u6a23\u5730\u65b9\u6821\u5712\u578b\u9928\u820d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6a6b\u8de8\u5927\u6d77\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u570b\u7acb\u897f\u6d0b\u7f8e\u8853\u9928<\/a>\u53ca\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u7684\u8482\u5e15\u5e15\u570b\u7acb\u535a\u7269\u9928<\/a>\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u7684\u8e64\u8de1\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u7981\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u70ba\u4f55\u9019\u5e45\u5716\u50cf\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u5462\uff1f\u4eca\u5929\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8981\u4f86\u5e36\u5927\u5bb6\u4e86\u89e3\u70ba\u4f55\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u5927\u7684\u9b45\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\u7684\u526f\u672c\u6563\u64ad\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u675c\u52d2\u7b46\u4e0b\u5e36\u4f86\u707d\u798d\u7684\u4f7f\u8005<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u675c\u52d2\u5275\u4f5c\u7684\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u51fa\u81ea\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\uff08The Apocalypse, 1498\uff09\u7cfb\u5217\u7248\u756b\uff0c\u662f\u9019\u4f4d\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u50b3\u64ad\u6700\u5ee3\u7684\u7248\u756b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u300a\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u7248\u756b\u51fa\u81ea\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u540d\u7d93\u5377\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u9580\u5f92\u8056\u7d04\u7ff0\u6240\u898b\u5230\u7684\u672b\u65e5\u666f\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u51fa\u81ea\u65bc\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u7b2c6\u7bc0\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0\u56db\u4f4d\u9a0e\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u984f\u8272\u99ac\u5339\u7684\u9a0e\u58eb\uff0c\u7942\u5011\u7336\u5982\u9810\u5831\u8005\u5ba3\u544a\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u964d\u81e8\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u5de6\u81f3\u53f3\u5206\u5225\u70ba\uff1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u98e2\u8352\u3001\u6230\u722d\u3001\u761f\u75ab\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u4e26\u672a\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8b93\u89c0\u773e\u5f97\u77e5\u56db\u5339\u99ac\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u662f\u8ab0\uff0c\u4f46\u900f\u904e\u7942\u5011\u624b\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u77e5\u7626\u9aa8\u5982\u67f4\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u662f\u9a0e\u8457\u7070\u99ac\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e2d\u9593\u62ff\u8457\u5929\u79e4\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u662f\u9a0e\u9ed1\u99ac\u7684\u98e2\u8352\uff0c\u53f3\u65b9\u9ad8\u8209\u8457\u5200\u528d\u7684\u662f\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u62c9\u5f13\u7684\u5247\u662f\u761f\u75ab\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7b56\u99ac\u72c2\u5954\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u88ab\u8e10\u8e0f\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u6beb\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u7537\u5973\u8001\u5c11\u3001\u662f\u5426\u5bcc\u8cb4\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u964d\u81e8\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u982d\u6234\u51a0\u5195\u88ab\u60e1\u9b54\u541e\u566c\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u898b\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u3010\u57162\u3011\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u8a73\uff0c\u300a\u624b\u6301\u79e4\u5b50\u7684\u9ed1\u99ac\u9a0e\u58eb\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a0e\u767d\u99ac\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u300b\u51fa\u81ea\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u6728\u523b\u677f\u5370\u5237\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff08A Rider on a Black Horse with a Pair of Balances in His Hand; and A Pale Horse with Death as Its Ride, from an Apocalypse blockbook, 2nd edition\uff09\uff0c1440-50\u5e74\uff0c\u6728\u523b\u7248\u756b\uff0c29.2 x 21.3\u516c\u5206\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u85cf\u3002\u5716\u7248\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u3010\u57163\u3011\u8001\u514b\u6d1b\u7d0d\u514b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\uff08Workshop of Lucas Cranach the Elder\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u99ac\u4e01\uff0e\u8def\u5fb7\u300b\uff08Martin Luther\uff09\uff0c\u7d041532\u5e74\uff0c\u6cb9\u5f69\u6728\u677f\uff0c33.3 x 23.2\u516c\u5206\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u85cf\u3002\u5716\u7248\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u7f8e\u8853\u9928<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u5275\u65b0\u7684\u69cb\u5716\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u6df1\u6df1\u559c\u611b\uff0c\u66fe\u70ba\u99ac\u4e01\uff0e\u8def\u5fb7\uff08Martin Luther, 1483-1546\uff09\u756b\u904e\u8096\u50cf\u3010\u57163\u3011\u7684\u8001\u514b\u6d1b\u7d0d\u514b\uff08Lucas Cranach der \u00c4ltere, c.1472-1553\uff09\u5728\u70ba\u8def\u5fb7\u88fd\u4f5c\u65b0\u7d04\u7684\u63d2\u5716\u6642\u3010\u57164\u3011\uff0c\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u69cb\u5716\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u7269\u7e2e\u5c0f\u56e0\u6b64\u7d50\u69cb\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u8f03\u70ba\u9b06\u6563\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u539f\u4f86\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u88ab\u60e1\u9b54\u541e\u566c\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8def\u5fb7\u8ddf\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u5728\u6b64\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u9b27\u7ffb\u4e86\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u9020\u6210\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u7d1b\u722d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u628a\u843d\u5165\u5730\u7344\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u5f9e\u69cb\u5716\u4e2d\u522a\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3010\u57164\u3011\u8001\u514b\u6d1b\u7d0d\u514b\uff08Lucas Cranach der \u00c4ltere\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u51fa\u81ea\u3008\u5fb7\u8a9e\u65b0\u7d04\u3009\uff08The Four Horsemen from Das Newe Testament Deutzsch\uff09\uff0c1522\u5e74\uff0c\u6728\u523b\u7248\u756b\u3002\u5716\u7248\u4f86\u6e90\uff1aInternet Archive<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5ee3\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u7cfb\u5217<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e\u300a\u56db\u9a0e\u58eb\u300b\u5ee3\u50b3\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u81f3\u5c11\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u5728\u88ab\u5275\u4f5c\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5fc5\u5b9a\u975e\u5e38\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5370\u5237\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u57281498\u81f31650\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u90fd\u6975\u5ea6\u71b1\u9580\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5b78\u8005\u574e\u5be7\uff08Andrew Cunningham\uff09\u53ca\u683c\u96f7\u723e\uff08Ole Peter Grell\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u6bb5\u671f\u9593\u81f3\u5c11\u6709750\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u5370\u5237\u51fa\u7248\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u7a2e\u63cf\u7e6a\u672b\u65e5\u5834\u666f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c45\u7136\u6703\u5982\u6b64\u6d41\u884c\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u300c\u672b\u65e5\u300d\u9019\u500b\u984c\u76ee\u4e0b\u624b\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672b\u65e5\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u4f86\u81e8\u6b63\u662f\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u958b\u59cb\uff1a\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7fa9\u4e2d\u672b\u65e5\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u964d\u81e8\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u7942\u6703\u5750\u5728\u5bf6\u5ea7\u4e0a\u5be9\u5224\u773e\u751f\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u8a72\u4e0a\u5929\u5802\u6216\u662f\u4e0b\u5730\u7344\uff0c\u9019\u5373\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u7d93\u5e38\u807d\u5230\u7684\u300c\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u300d\u3002\u3010\u57165\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u3010\u57165\u3011\u6f22\u65af\uff0e\u6885\u59c6\u6797\uff08Hans Memling\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6700\u5f8c\u5be9\u5224\u796d\u58c7\u756b\u300b\uff08\u53c8\u7a31\u300a\u5854\u5c3c\u4e09\u647a\u756b\u300b\uff09\uff08The Last Judgement (Tani Triptych)\uff09\uff0c1467-71\uff0c\u6728\u677f\u6cb9\u756b\uff0c221 x 161\u516c\u5206\uff08\u4e2d\u592e\uff09\u3001223.5 x 72.5\u516c\u5206\uff08\u5074\u7ffc\uff09\uff0c\u683c\u4f46\u65af\u514b\u570b\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9928\u85cf\u3002\u5716\u7248\u4f86\u6e90\uff1aWikipedia<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u6216\u8a31\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u73fe\u4e16\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u4ee5\u53ca\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u5bc4\u671b\u9032\u5165\u5929\u5802\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\uff08Eschatology\uff09\u76db\u884c\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u63cf\u7e6a\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u3009\u5927\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u5c31\u662f\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u7c97\u88fd\u7684\u6728\u523b\u7248\u756b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u675c\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u555f\u793a\u9304\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u756b\u98a8\u7d30\u7dfb\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u55ae\u7d14\u50b3\u905e\u300c\u672b\u65e5\u964d\u81e8\u300d\u8a0a\u606f\u7684\u63d2\u5716\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684\u9ad8\u7d1a\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u9ede\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4e0b\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u56e0\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u60b2\u6158\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u8f49\u800c\u76f8\u4fe1\u5929\u570b\u8fd1\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u9023\u8ca0\u8377\u5f97\u8d77\u675c\u52d2\u7248\u756b\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u76f8\u4fe1\u8457\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u707d\u96e3\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f86\u4e16\u7684\u5e8f\u66f2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> \u300c\u6211\u770b\u898b\u7f94\u7f8a\u63ed\u958b\u4e03\u5370\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\u3001\u5c31\u807d\u898b\u56db\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u3001\u8072\u97f3\u5982\u96f7\u3001\u8aaa\u3001\u4f60\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\u3001\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u767d\u99ac\u3001\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\u62ff\u7740\u5f13\uff0e\u4e26\u6709\u51a0\u5195\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\uff0e\u4ed6\u4fbf\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u52dd\u4e86\u53c8\u8981\u52dd\u3002\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\u3001\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa\u3001\u4f60\u4f86\u3002\u5c31\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u99ac\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u662f\u7d05\u7684\uff0e\u6709\u6b0a\u67c4\u7d66\u4e86\u90a3\u9a0e\u99ac\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5730\u4e0a\u596a\u53bb\u592a\u5e73\u3001\u4f7f\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u6bba\uff0e\u53c8\u6709\u4e00\u628a\u5927\u5200\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u3002\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\u3001\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa\u3001\u4f60\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\u3001\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u9ed1\u99ac\uff0e\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\u624b\u88cf\u62ff\u7740\u5929\u5e73\u3002\u6211\u807d\u898b\u5728\u56db\u6d3b\u7269\u4e2d\u3001\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u8072\u97f3\u8aaa\u3001\u4e00\u9322\u9280\u5b50\u8cb7\u4e00\u5347\u9ea5\u5b50\u3001\u4e00\u9322\u9280\u5b50\u8cb7\u4e09\u5347\u5927\u9ea5\uff0e\u6cb9\u548c\u9152\u4e0d\u53ef\u8e67\u8e4b\u3002\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u56db\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\u3001\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u56db\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa\u3001\u4f60\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\u3001\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u7070\u8272\u99ac\uff0e\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\u3001\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u4f5c\u6b7b\uff0e\u9670\u5e9c\u4e5f\u96a8\u7740\u4ed6\uff0e\u6709\u6b0a\u67c4\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5200\u528d\u3001\u9951\u8352\u3001\u761f\u75ab\u3014\u761f\u75ab\u6216\u4f5c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3015\u3001\u91ce\u7378\u3001\u6bba\u5bb3\u5730\u4e0a\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u300d\uff08\u3008\u555f\u793a\u9304\u30096\uff1a1-8\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Cunningham and Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe,<\/em> pp. 1-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cunningham, Andrew & Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spinks, Jennifer & Charles Zika, Disaster, Death and the Emotions in the Shadow of the Apocalypse, 1400-1700<\/em>. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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